Yuva Engineers

Winners make goals, while losers make excuses!

In every mode of our life we think of different goals, but when the time comes to workout for it we give lot of excuses in finishing it successfully… Most of the students give excuses for not completing their task in time… some say “Iam a weak student in Mathematics because while teaching basics my [...]

Burst your Tyre!

Planning is one of the most important project management and time management techniques. Planning is preparing a sequence of action steps to achieve some specific goal. If a person does it effectively, he can reduce much the necessary time and effort of achieving the goal. A plan is like a map. When following a plan, [...]

Time is Money

To Realise the value of one year… Ask a Student who failed a Subject. To Realise the value of one month… Ask a mother who gave birth to a premature baby To Realise the value of one week… Ask the editor of a weekly magazine To Realise the value of one day… Ask a job [...]

Be The Leader!

Now a days we come across comments like “our country is like this because of leaders” quite often. This applies to not just country, but to ever system and field. Then question arises what should be and should not be the qualities of a leader. A leader should not be interested in power but should [...]

Be the Creator!

Can anyone create anything? As per Lord SriKrishna in Bagavatgeeta said Nothing can be created or destroyed, it can only be transformed from one form to another. The first law of thermodynamics states that there is no increase or decrease in the quantity of energy in any energy conversion. The total energy input to an [...]

Complete list of KeyBoard Shortcuts

Posted by Yuva Engineers on January 28th, 2012

We are trying to compile a complete list of keybroad shortcuts for quite some time and i think we are able to get the complete list. I thank all my friends in helping me compile this list. If you think, we have omitted any, please message us so that we can add it to the list.

CTRL+C (Copy)
CTRL+X (Cut)
CTRL+V (Paste)
CTRL+Z (Undo)
DELETE (Delete)
SHIFT+DELETE (Delete the selected item permanently without placing the item in the Recycle Bin)
CTRL while dragging an item (Copy the selected item)
CTRL+SHIFT while dragging an item (Create a shortcut to the selected item)
F2 key (Rename the selected item)
CTRL+RIGHT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next word)
CTRL+LEFT ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous word)
CTRL+DOWN ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the next paragraph)
CTRL+UP ARROW (Move the insertion point to the beginning of the previous paragraph)
CTRL+SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Highlight a block of text)
SHIFT with any of the arrow keys (Select more than one item in a window or on the desktop, or select text in a document)
CTRL+A (Select all)
F3 key (Search for a file or a folder)
ALT+ENTER (View the properties for the selected item)
ALT+F4 (Close the active item, or quit the active program)
ALT+ENTER (Display the properties of the selected object)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Open the shortcut menu for the active window)
CTRL+F4 (Close the active document in programs that enable you to have multiple documents open simultaneously)
ALT+TAB (Switch between the open items)
ALT+ESC (Cycle through items in the order that they had been opened)
F6 key (Cycle through the screen elements in a window or on the desktop)
F4 key (Display the Address bar list in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
SHIFT+F10 (Display the shortcut menu for the selected item)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the System menu for the active window)
CTRL+ESC (Display the Start menu)
ALT+Underlined letter in a menu name (Display the corresponding menu) Underlined letter in a command name on an open menu (Perform the correspondingcommand)
F10 key (Activate the menu bar in the active program)
RIGHT ARROW (Open the next menu to the right, or open a submenu)
LEFT ARROW (Open the next menu to the left, or close a submenu)
F5 key (Update the active window)
BACKSPACE (View the folder one level up in My Computer or Windows Explorer)
ESC (Cancel the current task)
SHIFT when you insert a CD-ROM into the CD-ROM drive (Prevent the CD-ROM from automatically playing

Dialog Box Keyboard Shortcuts

CTRL+TAB (Move forward through the tabs)
CTRL+SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the tabs)
TAB (Move forward through the options)
SHIFT+TAB (Move backward through the options)
ALT+Underlined letter (Perform the corresponding command or select the corresponding option)
ENTER (Perform the command for the active option or button)
SPACEBAR (Select or clear the check box if the active option is a check box)
Arrow keys (Select a button if the active option is a group of option buttons)
F1 key (Display Help)
F4 key (Display the items in the active list)
BACKSPACE (Open a folder one level up if a folder is selected in the Save As or Open dialog box)

Microsoft Natural Keyboard Shortcuts

Windows Logo (Display or hide the Start menu)
Windows Logo+BREAK (Display the System Properties dialog box)
Windows Logo+D (Display the desktop)
Windows Logo+M (Minimize all of the windows)
Windows Logo+SHIFT+M (Restore the minimized windows)
Windows Logo+E (Open My Computer)
Windows Logo+F (Search for a file or a folder)
CTRL+Windows Logo+F (Search for computers)
Windows Logo+F1 (Display Windows Help)
Windows Logo+ L (Lock the keyboard)
Windows Logo+R (Open the Run dialog box)
Windows Logo+U (Open Utility Manager)

Accessibility Keyboard Shortcuts

Right SHIFT for eight seconds (Switch FilterKeys either on or off)
Left ALT+left SHIFT+PRINT SCREEN (Switch High Contrast either on or off)
Left ALT+left SHIFT+NUM LOCK (Switch the MouseKeys either on or off)
SHIFT five times (Switch the StickyKeys either on or off)
NUM LOCK for five seconds (Switch the ToggleKeys either on or off)
Windows Logo +U (Open Utility Manager)
Windows Explorer Keyboard Shortcuts
END (Display the bottom of the active window)
HOME (Display the top of the active window)
NUM LOCK+Asterisk sign () (Display all of the subfolders that are under the selected folder)
NUM LOCK+Plus sign (+) (Display the contents of the selected folder)
NUM LOCK+Minus sign (-) (Collapse the selected folder)
LEFT ARROW (Collapse the current selection if it is expanded, or select the parent folder)
RIGHT ARROW (Display the current selection if it is collapsed, or select the first subfolder)
Shortcut Keys for Character Map
After you double-click a character on the grid of characters, you can move through the grid by using the keyboard shortcuts:
RIGHT ARROW (Move to the right or to the beginning of the next line)
LEFT ARROW (Move to the left or to the end of the previous line)
UP ARROW (Move up one row)
DOWN ARROW (Move down one row)
PAGE UP (Move up one screen at a time)
PAGE DOWN (Move down one screen at a time)
HOME (Move to the beginning of the line)
END (Move to the end of the line)
CTRL+HOME (Move to the first character)
CTRL+END (Move to the last character)
SPACEBAR (Switch between Enlarged and Nor mal mode when a character is selected)

Microsoft Management Console (MMC) Main Window Keyboard Shortcuts

CTRL+O (Open a saved console)
CTRL+N (Open a new console)
CTRL+S (Save the open console)
CTRL+M (Add or remove a console item)
CTRL+W (Open a new window)
F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
ALT+SPACEBAR (Display the MMC window menu)
ALT+F4 (Close the console)
ALT+A (Display the Action menu)
ALT+V (Display the View menu)
ALT+F (Display the File menu)
ALT+O (Display the Favorites menu)
MMC Console Window Keyboard Shortcuts
CTRL+P (Print the current page or active pane)
ALT+Minus sign (-) (Display the window menu for the active console window)
SHIFT+F10 (Display the Action shortcut menu for the selected item)
F1 key (Open the Help topic, if any, for the selected item)
F5 key (Update the content of all console windows)
CTRL+F10 (Maximize the active console window)
CTRL+F5 (Restore the active console window)
ALT+ENTER (Display the Properties dialog box, if any, for the selected item)
F2 key (Rename the selected item)
CTRL+F4 (Close the active console window. When a console has only one console window, this shortcut closes the console)
Remote Desktop Connection Navigation
CTRL+ALT+END (Open the mcro$oft Windows NT Security dialog box)
ALT+PAGE UP (Switch between programs from left to right)
ALT+PAGE DOWN (Switch between programs from right to left)
ALT+INSERT (Cycle through the programs in most recently used order)
ALT+HOME (Display the Start menu)
CTRL+ALT+BREAK (Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen)
ALT+DELETE (Display the Windows menu)
CTRL+ALT+Minus sign (-) (Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing PRINTSCREEN on a local computer.)
CTRL+ALT+Plus sign (+) (Place a snapshot of the entire client window area on the Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing ALT+PRINT SCREEN on a local computer.)

Internet Explorer navigation

CTRL+B (Open the Organize Favorites dialog box)
CTRL+E (Open the Search bar)
CTRL+F (Start the Find utility)
CTRL+H (Open the History bar)
CTRL+I (Open the Favorites bar)
CTRL+L (Open the Open dialog box)
CTRL+N (Start another instance of the browser with the same Web address)
CTRL+O (Open the Open dialog box, the same as CTRL+L)
CTRL+P (Open the Print dialog box)
CTRL+R (Update the current Web page)
CTRL+W (Close the current window)

Windows Hotkeys

Shift + F10 right-clicks.
Win + L (XP Only): Locks keyboard. Similar to Lock Workstation.
Win + F or F3: Open Find dialog. (All Files) F3 may not work in some applications
which use F3 for their own find dialogs.
Win + Control + F: Open Find dialog. (Computers)
Win + U: Open Utility Manager.
Win + F1: Open Windows help.
Win + Pause: Open System Properties dialog.
Win + Tab: Cycle through taskbar buttons. Enter clicks, AppsKey or Shift + F10 right-clicks.
Win + Shift + Tab: Cycle through taskbar buttons in reverse.
Alt + Tab: Display CoolSwitch. More commonly known as the AltTab dialog.
Alt + Shift + Tab: Display CoolSwitch; go in reverse.
Alt + Escape: Send active window to the bottom of the z-order.
Alt + Shift + Escape: Activate the window at the bottom of the z-order.
Alt + F4: Close active window; or, if all windows are closed, open shutdown dialog.
Shift while a CD is loading: Bypass AutoPlay.
Shift while login: Bypass startup folder. Only those applications will be ignored which are in the startup folder, not those started from the registry (Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\)
Ctrl + Alt + Delete or Ctrl + Alt + NumpadDel (Both NumLock states): Invoke the Task Manager or NT Security dialog.
Ctrl + Shift + Escape (2000/XP ) or (Ctrl + Alt + NumpadDot) : Invoke the task manager. On earlier OSes, acts like Ctrl + Escape.
Printscreen: Copy screenshot of current screen to clipboard.
Alt + Printscreen: Copy screenshot of current active window to clipboard.
Ctrl + Alt + Down Arrow: Invert screen. Untested on OSes other than XP.
Ctrl + Alt + Up Arrow: Undo inversion.
Win + B : Move focus to systray icons.

Generic

Ctrl + C or Ctrl + Insert: Copy.
Ctrl + X or Shift + Delete: Cut.
Ctrl + V or Shift + Insert: Paste/Move.
Ctrl + N: New… File, Tab, Entry, etc.
Ctrl + S: Save.
Ctrl + O: Open…
Ctrl + P: Print.
Ctrl + Z: Undo.
Ctrl + A: Select all.
Ctrl + F: Find…
Ctrl+W : to close the current window
Ctrl + F4: Close tab or child window.
F1: Open help.
F11: Toggle full screen mode.
Alt or F10: Activate menu bar.
Alt + Space: Display system menu. Same as clicking the icon on the titlebar.
Escape: Remove focus from current control/menu, or close dialog box.

Generic Navigation

Tab: Forward one item.
Shift + Tab: Backward one item.
Ctrl + Tab: Cycle through tabs/child windows.
Ctrl + Shift + Tab: Cycle backwards through tabs/child windows.
Enter: If a button’s selected, click it, otherwise, click default button.
Space: Toggle items such as radio buttons or checkboxes.
Alt + (Letter): Activate item corresponding to (Letter). (Letter) is the underlined
letter on the item’s name.
Ctrl + Left: Move cursor to the beginning of previous word.
Ctrl + Right: Move cursor to the beginning of next word.
Ctrl + Up: Move cursor to beginning of previous paragraph. This and all subsequent
Up/Down hotkeys in this section have only been known to work in RichEdit controls.
Ctrl + Down: Move cursor to beginning of next paragraph.
Shift + Left: Highlight one character to the left.
Shift + Right: Highlight one character to the right.
Shift + Up: Highlight from current cursor position, to one line up.
Shift + Down: Highlight from current cursor position, to one line down.
Ctrl + Shift + Left: Highlight to beginning of previous word.
Ctrl + Shift + Right: Highlight to beginning of next word.
Ctrl + Shift + Up: Highlight to beginning of previous paragraph.
Ctrl + Shift + Down: Highlight to beginning of next paragraph.
Home: Move cursor to top of a scrollable control.
End: Move cursor to bottom of a scrollable control.

Generic File Browser

Arrow Keys: Navigate.
Shift + Arrow Keys: Select multiple items.
Ctrl + Arrow Keys: Change focus without changing selection. “Focus” is the object
that will run on Enter. Space toggles selection of the focused item.
(Letter): Select first found item that begins with (Letter).
BackSpace: Go up one level to the parent directory.
Alt + Left: Go back one folder.
Alt + Right: Go forward one folder.
Enter: Activate (Double-click) selected item(s).
Alt + Enter: View properties for selected item.
F2: Rename selected item(s).
Ctrl + NumpadPlus: In a Details view, resizes all columns to fit the longest item in each one.
Delete: Delete selected item(s).
Shift + Delete: Delete selected item(s); bypass Recycle Bin.
Ctrl while dragging item(s): Copy.
Ctrl + Shift while dragging item(s): Create shortcut(s).
In tree pane, if any:
Left: Collapse the current selection if expanded, or select the parent folder.
Right: Expand the current selection if collapsed, or select the first subfolder.
NumpadAsterisk: Expand currently selected directory and all subdirectories. No undo.
NumpadPlus: Expand currently selected directory.
NumpadMinus: Collapse currently selected directory.

Accessibility

Right Shift for eight seconds: Toggle FilterKeys on and off. FilterKeys must be
enabled.
Left Alt + Left Shift + PrintScreen: Toggle High Contrast on and off. High Contrast
must be enabled.
Left Alt + Left Shift + NumLock: Toggle MouseKeys on and off. MouseKeys must be enabled.
NumLock for five seconds: Toggle ToggleKeys on and off. ToggleKeys must be enabled.
Shift five times: Toggle StickyKeys on and off. StickyKeys must be enabled.

Microsoft Natural Keyboard with IntelliType Software Installed

Win + L: Log off Windows.
Win + P: Open Print Manager.
Win + C: Open control panel.
Win + V: Open clipboard.
Win + K: Open keyboard properties.
Win + I: Open mouse properties.
Win + A: Open Accessibility properties.
Win + Space: Displays the list of Microsoft IntelliType shortcut keys.
Win + S: Toggle CapsLock on and off.

Remote Desktop Connection Navigation

Ctrl + Alt + End: Open the NT Security dialog.
Alt + PageUp: Switch between programs.
Alt + PageDown: Switch between programs in reverse.
Alt + Insert: Cycle through the programs in most recently used order.
Alt + Home: Display start menu.
Ctrl + Alt + Break: Switch the client computer between a window and a full screen.
Alt + Delete: Display the Windows menu.
Ctrl + Alt + NumpadMinus: Place a snapshot of the entire client window area on the
Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing Alt +
PrintScreen on a local computer.
Ctrl + Alt + NumpadPlus: Place a snapshot of the active window in the client on the
Terminal server clipboard and provide the same functionality as pressing PrintScreen on a local computer.

Mozilla Firefox Shortcuts

Ctrl + Tab or Ctrl + PageDown: Cycle through tabs.
Ctrl + Shift + Tab or Ctrl + PageUp: Cycle through tabs in reverse.
Ctrl + (1-9): Switch to tab corresponding to number.
Ctrl + N: New window.
Ctrl + T: New tab.
Ctrl + L or Alt + D or F6: Switch focus to location bar.
Ctrl + Enter: Open location in new tab.
Shift + Enter: Open location in new window.
Ctrl + K or Ctrl + E: Switch focus to search bar.
Ctrl + O: Open a local file.
Ctrl + W: Close tab, or window if there’s only one tab open.
Ctrl + Shift + W: Close window.
Ctrl + S: Save page as a local file.
Ctrl + P: Print page.
Ctrl + F or F3: Open find toolbar.
Ctrl + G or F3: Find next…
Ctrl + Shift + G or Shift + F3: Find previous…
Ctrl + B or Ctrl + I: Open Bookmarks sidebar.
Ctrl + H: Open History sidebar.
Escape: Stop loading page.
Ctrl + R or F5: Reload current page.
Ctrl + Shift + R or Ctrl + F5: Reload current page; bypass cache.
Ctrl + U: View page source.
Ctrl + D: Bookmark current page.
Ctrl + NumpadPlus or Ctrl + Equals (+/: Increase text size.
Ctrl + NumpadMinus or Ctrl + Minus: Decrease text size.
Ctrl + Numpad0 or Ctrl + 0: Set text size to default.
Alt + Left or Backspace: Back.
Alt + Right or Shift + Backspace: Forward.
Alt + Home: Open home page.
Ctrl + M: Open new message in integrated mail client.
Ctrl + J: Open Downloads dialog.
F6: Switch to next frame. You must have selected something on the page already,
e.g. by use of Tab.
Shift + F6: Switch to previous frame.
Apostrophe (‘): Find link as you type.
Slash (/): Find text as you type.

GMail Shortcuts

Note: Must have “keyboard shortcuts” on in settings.
C: Compose new message.
Shift + C: Open new window to compose new message.
Slash (/): Switch focus to search box.
K: Switch focus to the next most recent email. Enter or “O” opens focused email.
J: Switch focus to the next oldest email.
N: Switch focus to the next message in the “conversation.”
Enter or “O” expands/collapses messages.
P: Switch focus to the previous message.
U: Takes you back to the inbox and checks for new mail.
Y: Various actions depending on current view:
Has no effect in “Sent” and “All Mail” views.
Inbox: Archive email or message.
Starred: Unstar email or message.
Spam: Unmark as spam and move back to “Inbox.”
Trash: Move back to “Inbox.”
Any label: Remove the label.
X: “Check” an email. Various actions can be performed against all checked emails.
S: “Star” an email. Identical to the more familiar term, “flagging.”
R: Reply to the email.
A: Reply to all recipients of the email.
F: Forward an email.
Shift + R: Reply to the email in a new window.
Shift + A: Reply to all recipients of the email in a new window.
Shift + F: Forward an email in a new window.
Shift + 1 (!): Mark an email as spam and remove it from the inbox.
G then I: Switch to “Inbox” view.
G then S: Switch to “Starred” view.
G then A: Switch to “All Mail” view.
G then C: Switch to “Contacts” view.
G then S: Switch to “Drafts” view.

List of F1-F9 Key Commands for the Command Prompt

F1 / right arrow: Repeats the letters of the last command line, one by one.
F2: Displays a dialog asking user to “enter the char to copy up to” of the last command line
F3: Repeats the last command line
F4: Displays a dialog asking user to “enter the char to delete up to” of the last command line
F5: Goes back one command line
F6: Enters the traditional CTRL+Z (^z)
F7: Displays a menu with the command line history
F8: Cycles back through previous command lines (beginning with most recent)
F9: Displays a dialog asking user to enter a command number, where 0 is for first command line entered.
Alt+Enter: toggle fullScreen mode.
up/down: scroll thru/repeat previous entries
Esc: delete line

How to use Autofill in Excel

Posted by Yuva Engineers on January 6th, 2012

Most of us are familiar with Excel’s Autofill Feature which helps you to type ‘Mon’ or ‘Monday’ into a cell and then drag the bottom right-hand corner of that cell to create other days of the week. The same thing works for months also.

You can create new lists such as branches of your company or departments of your college. To do this click on tools menu and click options, then select the custom lists tab. Type your list, one item per line and finish by clicking Add.

How to use AutoFilter in Excel

Posted by Yuva Engineers on January 6th, 2012

Most of us use excel to manage simple databases for our personal use. Such as we use excel to manage movies, CDs, Songs etc. These lists over a period of time increases in size can run up-to few hundred to thousands of rows in excel. It become increasingly difficult to search or manage them. In order to make them manageable you can use a very simple tool, i.e Autofilter.

To turn this on, open data menu and click filter, then auto-filter. This in turn makes the top of each column in the spreadsheet into a drop down selector, through which you can sort your lists. For example you have hundreds of songs in your collection and you want to sort them according to music director or hero of the movie. you can do that very easily using auto-filter.

The filter will not work beyond any blank cells if you leave any cells blank.

Like any other application, Back up your data before using AutoFilter. While AutoFilter can be turned off, any changes made to the data may overwrite your existing information.

AutoFilter arranges data vertically, meaning filter options can only be applied to column headings but not to rows.

You can see which column headings have filters applied to them by looking at the drop-down menu button. If the arrow on the button is blue, then a filter in that menu has been applied. If the arrow on the button is black, then a filter in that menu has not been applied.

A Simple Agglomerative Method for Constructing Phylogenetic Trees

Posted by Yuva Engineers on December 1st, 2011

Technical Paper Title: A Simple Agglomerative Method for Constructing Phylogenetic Trees

Authors: Meesala Suresh Kumar, 4th Sem MTech, IT

Guide: A Kiran Kumar, MTech, Asst.Professor, Department of IT

College: Aditya Institute of Technology and Management

The molecular mechanisms of widely studied organisms are astonishingly similar. This similarity Suggests that all organisms on Earth have a common ancestor. Essentially, this implies that any Randomly chosen set of species on Earth has is related to each other, however distantly. This relationship is called phylogeny, which is also the name of the branch in biology that studies the evolution of life forms.

The relationship can be represented by a phylogenetic tree. The task of phylogenetics is to deduct this tree from observations upon existing organisms.

Earlier, the morphological characters have been used in constructing phylogenetic models. As we have now also molecular data available, we may use these data to derive the model. These data have shown surprisingly similar results compared to evolutionary trees constructer from morphological characters .

It is important to keep in mind, that not all of these data produces necessarily a correct output. When inferring a tree from a small subset of data, say, a single nucleotide, any deviation from standard “rate of change” or some unexpected mutation may lead to an (at least partially) incorrectly constructed tree. Trees inferred from the same set of species, but using different sequences, may well lead to a slightly different tree.

A taxon, sometimes called operational taxonomic unit or OTU, is an entity (such as species, aminoacid sequence, nucleotide sequence, language, etc.) Whose distance or similarity from other entities can be measured. The most interesting taxa from the point of view of computational biology are nucleotide and amino acid sequences.

A phylogenetic tree is a binary tree which describes the relation of several taxa (say, a certain nucleotide of a certain group of organisms). The binary form is mainly chosen to ease the calculations, which are very resource-consuming as such. The constructed tree has all the species in separate leaf nodes. Time goes from root to leaves. Some algorithms take the evolutionary rate into Consideration, and then relative times may be seen from the edges between any two nodes. In theory, it would then be possible to approximate the actual time if the evolutionary rate was known. The inner nodes above the leaf nodes and _represent the same species in the past. The common father of any two leaf nodes represents a point, where these two species diverged from a common Ancestral species. Some algorithms give also the root node, which represents the “ultimate ancestor”.

Fig: A phylogenetic tree showing relations of seven species.

Distance measuring

Phylogenetic tree construction uses distances between sequences when determining relations. When Constructing a phylogenetic tree based on data from protein or nucleotide sequence comparisons we first do a multiple alignment for the sequences and then calculate distance measure Dij between all taxa. Sequence alignment and distance measuring methods are often time-consuming and complicated.

Molecular clock

In assigning branch lengths to phylogenetic tree, one must consider whether evolutionary rate is constant. The determination of a phylogenetic tree for the evolution of species from amino acid or nucleotide sequence comparisons depends on measurements and assumptions concerning the rate of evolutionary change, i.e. a molecular clock. This is not a simple task when comparing homologous sites in two sequences, since over long periods of time, there can be back mutations

(The site in one sequence may originally contain A, later be mutated to G, then again to A) as well as parallel mutations (homologous sites in two sequences undergo the same mutation). Also the rate of evolution often varies over time and is significantly different for different species and different sequences.

Metric properties of distances

In order to be useful, a distance function must fulfill the definition of a metric. Metric is property that defines some basic behavior of the function in order for the distances to be sensible.

A metric properties must satisfy the following :

1. d(x ,y) = 0 x = y.

2. d(x ,y) = d (y , x) (symmetry).

3. d(x, z) ≤ d (x,y) + d (y,z) (triangle inequality).

Metric has some advanced properties as well. The most important ones from the viewpoint of the algorithms are additive metric and ultra metric.

Additive metric

If molecular clock property holds for a tree, it also satisfies the additive property. Additive metric simply states that distance between any pair of leaves i , j is the sum of the edge lengths along the path connecting them in the tree.

Assume that positive edge weights are assigned to a tree ‘I’. If the value of the distance function between all leaves i,j of ‘I’ is simply the sum of edge weights along the path connecting i and j (i.e. the path length between i, j), then d is called an additive tree metric.

UPGMA

Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA) is a clustering method for building

phylogenetic trees. Clustering algorithms attempt to repeatedly cluster the data by grouping the closest elements. The result is a rooted tree with original sequences at the leaves. UPGMA constructs the tree correctly, if it satisfies the ultra metric property.

Initially, all the sequences are put to their own clusters. Each cluster is then assumed to be a leaf in the final tree. At each stage, we combine two clusters and simultaneously create a new node on the tree representing the new cluster.

Conclusion

UPGMA is not a widely used method anymore. It is rather old and very simple, and there exists nowadays many more efficient and trustworthy methods. However, this algorithm shows the principles on all clustering methods and serves as such a theoretical basis for others.

A major drawback in the algorithm is that it does not know how to handle non-ultra metric matrices. This has been corrected in many other algorithms thereafter.

Download the Complete Technical paper Here: Constructing Phylogenetic Trees

Digital Eye – wireless contact lens display

Posted by Yuva Engineers on November 23rd, 2011

Engineers have developed the world’s first wireless, computerized contact lens with an integrated LED display.

Babak Amir Parviz, an engineer led a team, which successfully displayed a single, remotely-controlled pixel onto a contact lens worn by a rabbit.

To create the computerized contact, the engineers embedded a circular antenna along the rim of the lens, and coupled it with a tiny LED via an integrated circuit. Using remote radio frequency transmission, the researchers can control the activity of the single pixel, which is situated at the center of the lens.

As of now this has been tested on animals only, It might soon be availble for human usage aswell with new reaserch going on. Then, may be we humans too can communicate like those robots from sci-films like terminator and iRobot.

The researchers describe their computerized contact lens in the latest issue of the Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering

Learning to Think Like an Engineer

Posted by Yuva Engineers on October 10th, 2011

What is that sets Engineers apart from other professionals?

The very mystifying factor enables engineers to discover opportunities, resolve complex problems easily, inspire people around to follow them, innovative and radical approach. Successful engineers have mastered a specific type of thinking skills that radically elevate their ability to solve problems, innovate better ideas and thus contribute to the acceleration of the growth.

Engineering starts with how we think and ends in the implementation of those innovative ideas which rise from those thoughts.

To start with, able engineers have a true sense of responsibility about their work and welfare of the community. Engineers hold themselves responsible for the successful implementation of any project and will do whatever they can to meet the project deadlines and goals.

Engineers posses a big picture mentality and tend to think in terms of project success rather than individual accomplishments. This is possible by connecting tasks and projects into larger framework and thus providing a sense of meaning to work.

Engineering is basically a team work. And so engineers seek to build relationships wherever they go. They come out of the colleges with life long lasting friendships, they can smile, share a joke, propose new ideas and seek inputs.

Apart from this, Engineers are accurate, target oriented and creative in their thinking. They tend to be less emotional, but clearly understand problems as they are without any exaggerations or disappointment. If it is a technical issue or procedural issue, engineers consider it not to be a problem but emerge out with an interesting solution to resolve the same.

Engineers will be able to visualize what is beyond obvious and thinks in multi-directional, non-linear format, so that they can see how the different parts fit together in the whole and thus come up with creative and innovative ideas.

Engineering is all about thought process. Engineers consciously set some time for themselves, to dwell into their imaginative world, without doing anything, and to think in a meaningful way so that they can channelize their energies in the right direction. This introspection enables them to prioritize and make prudent choices that finally set the right procedures.

While it is obvious that the major difference between engineers and ordinary minds lies in nothing but the perspective and attitude. Thinking and implementing in this way will surely transform you into a innovative, radical and effective engineers. Afterall Engineering is nothing but a scientific and practical approach to problem solving, thus reflecting your thought process.

Google – The Green search Engine

Posted by Yuva Engineers on September 19th, 2011

Google uses 260 million watts continuously across the globe, the company reported on 8th September 2011. It seems large but in comparison, its quite energy efficient.

Google owns about 3 percent of servers worldwide and uses only 1 percent of electricity for data centers worldwide. In its report, Google compares the energy usage of companies’ in-house computer systems to the energy used by its cloud servers. It estimates that running G-mail instead of an in-house e-mail system can be almost 80 times more energy efficient. Google says that 25 percent of its energy was supplied by renewable fuels—such as from wind farms—in 2011, and plans to increase that to 30 percent this year.

Urs Hoelzle, Senior Vice President, Technical Infrastructure in his post says” We started the process of getting to zero by making sure our operations use as little energy as possible. For the last decade, energy use has been an obsession. We’ve designed and built some of the most efficient servers and data centers in the world—using half the electricity of a typical data center. Our newest facility in Hamina, Finland, opening this weekend, uses a unique seawater cooling system that requires very little electricity.”

Google on its Green google site mention that “At Google, we’ve worked hard to minimize the environmental impact of our services. In fact, to provide you with Google products for a month, our servers use less energy per user than leaving a light on for 3 hours. If you add in our renewable energy and offsets, our footprint is zero. And we continue to find new ways to reduce our impact even further. Learn more about our efforts below. ”

Google efforts in efficiency, buying clean energy, and purchasing offsets brings googles carbon footprint down to zero. Google is going beyond carbon neutral by investing hundreds of millions of dollars in renewable energy projects that create far more renewable energy for the world than it consume as a company.

From goggle Official blog site: Google blog

Extract Gold from your Old Computers and Phones

Posted by Yuva Engineers on August 23rd, 2011

Today gold reached another record level high that its costing 28,540 Rupees for 10grams of gold. In the international markets, like New york Commodity Exchange its costing $1900 for each Ounce (31.1 grams).

In India its must to purchase gold for all major occasions and weddings. So, i was thinking how to mine gold. With a little bit of searching i found out that gold is used in most mother boards of computers and other electronic items. The computer industry uses several hundred tons of the element every year. Traces of gold is found in almost all computer components–processors, motherboards, extension cards, memory DIMMs, and so on. Of course, the amounts used in each part are very small. But with the price of gold reaching all time high in recent years, it’s becoming more and more economically-viable to recover gold from old electronic and computer components than to mine it.

Gold is found in numerous places on a motherboard: IDE connectors, PCI Express slot, PCI, AGP, ISA, and other ports, jumper pins, the processor socket, and DIMM (SIMM on older motherboards) slots.

All of these connectors are often covered with a fine layer of gold a few microns thick, deposited by flashing or plating.

Please find the video of Jem Stansfield doing the same at BBC website: http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-14621075?utm_source=twitterfeed&utm_medium=twitter

And Youtube is filled with more such videos.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O3yxYYaQQy8

I suggest you not to experiment it, unless you are properly guided and have full safety gear ready. As various chemicals used and produced during the experiment can be very dangerous. Sodium metabisulfate, HCl, nitric acid are the basic chemicals that are required.

The reaction between magnesium and chloroauric acid is Mg + HAuCl4 = Au + MgCl2 + H2
But if you use sodium metabisulfite, then the reactions are as below:
Na2S2O5 + H2O –> 2 NaHSO3

3 NaHSO3 + 2 AuCl3 + 3 H2O –> 3 NaHSO4 + 6 HCl + 2 Au

So if you are one of the students of chemical engineering and looking for your final semester project ideas, this could be a great one. As the chemicals used are easily available in any chemical engineering lab.

Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC) – the bendable concrete

Posted by Yuva Engineers on July 28th, 2011

Engineered Cementitious Composite (ECC), also called bendable concrete, is an easily molded mortar-based composite reinforced with specially selected short random fibers, usually polymer fibers. Unlike regular concrete, ECC has a strain capacity in the range of 3–7%, compared to 0.1 % for ordinary portland cement (OPC). ECC therefore acts more like a ductile metal than a brittle glass (as does OPC), leading to a wide variety of applications.

Flexible concrete might sound like a gimmick, but most concrete fails because it is brittle, so cracks develop over time, and eventually become catastrophic. Researchers has reduced this brittleness to make a concrete “500 times more resistant to cracking and 40 percent lighter.” They also say that for a typical application, it “is 37 percent less expensive, consumes 40 percent less energy, and produces 39 percent less carbon dioxide”.

ECC looks similar to ordinary portland cement-based concrete, except that it does not include coarse aggregate and can deform (or bend) under strain. A number of research groups are developing ECC science, including those at the University of Michigan, Delft University of Technology, the University of Tokyo, the Czech Technical University, and Stanford University. Traditional concrete’s lack of durability and failure under strain, both stemming from brittle behavior, have been a pushing factor in the development of ECC.

There are a number of different varieties of ECC, including:

Lightweight (i.e. low density) ECC have been developed through the addition of air voids, glass bubbles, polymer spheres, and/or lightweight aggregate. Compared to other lightweight cements, lightweight ECC has superior compressive and tensile strength, crack-width control, and damage tolerance. Applications include floating homes, barges, and canoes.

‘Self compacting concrete’ refers to a concrete that can flow under its own weight. For instance, a self-compacting material would be able to fill a mold containing elaborate pre-positioned steel reinforcement without the need of vibration or shaking to ensure even distribution. Self-compacting ECC was developed through the use of chemical admixtures to decrease viscosity and through controlling particle interactions with mix proportioning.

* Sprayable ECC, which can be pneumatically sprayed from a hose, have been developed by using various superplasticizing agents and viscosity-reducing admixtures. Compared to other sprayable fiber-reinforced composites, sprayable ECC has enhanced pumpability in addition to its unique mechanical properties. Sprayable ECC has been used for retrofitting/repair work and tunnel/sewer linings.

An extrudable ECC for use in the extrusion of pipes was first developed in 1998. Extruded ECC pipes have both higher load capacity and higher deformability than any other extruded fiber-reinforced composite pipes.

Airbus – Taking us into the future with its Research and Innovation

Posted by Yuva Engineers on July 5th, 2011

Through innovation, and out-of-the-box thinking, Airbus continues to meet its eco-efficiency goals, and ensure that air travel continues to be one of the safest, and most eco-efficient, means of transportation.

In a new report, “The Future by Airbus,” Airbus looks forward to the year 2050 and beyond, and highlights the anticipated global needs of a better-connected and more sustainable world.

Future energy sources for Aviation:

Biofuels:

Traditionally, carbon based/kerosene-like fuels have proven to be the best energy carrier for aircraft, because of properties like their ability to maintain stable temperatures. Biofuels offer many of the same benefits and every aircraft in the world could use them immediately without having to change the infrastructure.
Biofuels are made from living things or the waste they produce. Airbus encourages the development of second generation biofuels, known as biomass, which avoid competing with food resources. Some options being looked at include algae, woodchip waste, camelina, halophytes such as salicornia (plants growing in salt water), waste produce and yeast.

Fuel cells:
A fuel cell is a device that transforms the energy of hydrogen into electricity (by combining the hydrogen with oxygen in a ‘cold’ combustion). The only waste is water, heat and oxygen depleted air, so no emissions and no noise!
What’s more, the water produced from the process can be used by the aircraft’s water and waste systems, which saves extra water having to be carried on board. This reduces weight, which in turn reduces fuel burn and emissions even further.

Solar power:
Solar power is the perfect renewable energy in many ways, but unfortunately it has limited use on aircraft because of the way it creates and stores power on board. While it can provide enough power for small aircraft to fly, it’s unlikely to be a practical solution when it comes to getting larger, commercial airliners into the sky.

Energy harvesting
Some of the energy sources being investigated by 2050 might seem farfetched by today’s standards. What about harvesting body heat for example? Instead of producing energy, this would simply collect energy, from say the passenger’s seat, and redirect it to power some of the aircraft functions, like the cabin lights. It might seem crazy – but if you had asked somebody 40 years ago about a double-decker aircraft that carried more than 800 people but was more efficient than a small family car you might have got the same reaction!

The Airbus Concept Plane:

Airbus has unveiled a futuristic concept for a transparent plane that may be everyday air transport in 2050. With its see-through aircraft cabin, passengers of the future will get a window on the world as they fly through the sky. They will be able to see everything to the sides and in front of them.

Biopolymer membrane:
The cabin’s bionic structure will be coated with a biopolymer membrane, which controls the amount of natural light, humidity and temperature, providing opacity or transparency on command and eliminating the need for windows. This smarter structure will make the aircraft lighter and more fuel-efficient while giving passengers 360 degree views of the skies.

This will offer unparalleled, unobstructed views of the wonders of the five continents – where you will be able see the pyramids or the Eiffel Tower through the transparent floor of the aircraft.

Integrated neural network:
The cabin electrical system can be compared to the human brain, with a network of intelligence pulsating through the cabin. This network will be absorbed into the structural materials, making the hundreds of kilometres of cables and wires found in today’s aircraft a thing of the past. Known as ‘Smart’ materials they can perform numerous functions, recognising the passenger, so that you too are ‘connected’ to the plane.

Self-reliant materials:
Materials will be selfcleaning. Think of the leaves of a lotus plant, which water rolls off in beads, taking contaminants with it. Today, coatings inspired by this are used on the surfaces of cabin bathrooms. In the future they will be found on the fabric of seats and the carpets.

The company believes that mid-century passengers might be able to enjoy a game of virtual golf or take part in interactive conferences, while the cabin ‘identifies and responds’ to travelers’ needs.

There are many more technological advancements that will feature in this plane. Moveable wing surfaces, Eagle inspired winglets, The silent flight inspired from an owl, bionic structures inspired from bees, groovy skin structure of a shark are some of them.

“Sometimes in life you can’t settle for the easy option. You need to aim high and go for the very best solution possible. At Airbus we still dare to dream and we hope that The future by Airbus will inspire policy makers, investors, suppliers, airlines, teachers, researchers and young people everywhere to be part of the solution for a better world in 2050 and beyond.” says Charles Champion, Airbus engineering executive vice-president.

For complete information: http://www.airbus.com/innovation/future-by-airbus/

We should all thank Airbus for its services for the entire mankind for making transportation/aviation Eco-friendly through its innovation.